Third-Party Validated ESSA Tier 1 Research

Targeted Skills Instruction Substantially Improves Reading Achievement

Causal research shows struggling students improved their academic trajectory on state assessments because of Targeted Skills Instruction

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What did we find?

We compared the end-of-year reading achievement of over 2,000 upper elementary students from a large school district in New Jersey who began the year performing below grade-level. These students were practically identical at the beginning of the year, but one group received Targeted Skills Instruction, Edmentum’s virtual small-group tutoring.

Causal
Our research design met ESSA’s highest tier, giving us confidence that differences in achievement were solely because of Targeted Skills Instruction.
1 Level
Students receiving Targeted Skills Instruction scored at the top end of the state’s Level 2 Category on average, while similar peers scored at the bottom end of Level 2, improving their ranking about 20 percentile points.1
2.5x
About 20% of students receiving Targeted Skills Instruction would typically meet expectations on their state test; less than 8% of their similar peers would.2
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Meaningful impact; Accessible to all

These results offer hope to the many districts for whom finding high-quality and experienced local tutors is challenging or expensive. It shows that a well-designed virtual tutoring program can provide students with a critical human connection, use personalized virtual instructional tools to expand tutoring beyond real-time sessions, and be accessible to all districts regardless of local contexts. And, most importantly, it works, especially for the students who are most in need of academic intervention.

Human-centered tutoring that works

This research provides the strongest possible evidence that when struggling students have a human-centered connection to a virtual tutor, like in Targeted Skills Instruction, their reading performance greatly improves.

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Evidence for essa badge

The quasi-experimental efficacy study meets the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) 5.0 standards without reservations and ESSA criteria for strong evidence (Tier 1).

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The program behind the results

Learn more about Targeted Skills Instruction, the award-winning program used in this study, which combines our proven K–12 curricula with qualified virtual educators.

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1 “Nearly 1 performance level higher” based on RDD model-based mean difference estimated right at the cut score. This difference was 16.79 and the performance level in which most of these students (“Partially Met”) were estimated to place had a width of 25.

2 “2x more likely to meet expectations” based on RDD model-based mean difference estimated right at the cut score. These means were 723.6 for those receiving TSI and 706.8 for those not receiving TSI. We then assumed a normal distribution around these means with a standard deviation based on indicated effect size (effect size = 0.56; raw difference = 16.8; so SD = 16.8/0.56 = 30) and calculated the probability that a score was 750 or higher.